Newton’s Laws of Motion: Fundamentals Explained with Examples
Sir Isaac Newton proposed the laws of motion in 1687. Newton’s law describes the motion of macroscopic objects; by using these laws, we can calculate the initial and final velocity of the object, as well as acceleration and other related variables that explain the motion of an object. Let’s discuss these laws one by one with examples.
Historical Background of Economic Planning in Pakistan
Five Year Economic Plan’s in Pakistan Use the resources of a country for the Nation is known as Economic planning. Economic strategies are plan to economic stability and development. The first strategy of Pakistan economic development was made in 1955-1960. In this article we will discuss historical economic policies and their output. First economic plan (1955-1960) In 1955 first economic policy was made. The key points of that plan were: Increase in the GDP of a country to 15%. Target to achieve 7% increment in GDP Per Capita. Provides the two million’s new job opportunities for the people 15-percent increase in export of the country. Increases in the agricultural productivity to 9%. Industrialize the country and promote its productivity to 60%. Establish the energy generating plants to boost industries. Focus on earlier Education and provide a good leaning environment. Construct the 1.5 lac new houses. Second Economic Plan (1960-1965) Second economic plan was started at early 1960. The major targets of that plan are: In that plan the GDP nominal was set to 24%. Expected to GDP per Capita 10%. Target to produce 2.5 million’s new jobs. Increase in the production of mega industries to 14%. Bosted the Exports to 3%. Encourage to the small industries and uplifting the local products. Third Economic plan (1965-1970). Third economic strategy also focused on increasing GDP, providing the new opportunities of jobs, agricultural development and overcome the dependency on imports. The key points of that plan were: Industrialized the country on major scales and achieve to 7.2 percent increment. Improving the basic industries and engineering. Overcome the power shortage and provides the energy to the industries at appropriate price. To better the life style of villages by providing standard health necessaries, modern education and other imports facilities. Expected to GDP per Capita 9.2%. Increase in the GDP of a country to 7%. Increase the export volume to 11 percent. Agricultural improvement to 6%. Fourth Economic plan (1970-1975) This plan was part of a series of five-year economic plans that Pakistan adopted after independence to structure its economic development. The plan aimed to achieve an annual growth rate of 6.5%. It sought to address regional disparities between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan by focusing on balanced economic development. This plan emphasized on industrial growth to overcome the dependency on imports and target to achieve 6.5% increment in overall economic production. Social development also included in that plan by improving the living standard. One of the major goals was to reduce economic disparities between East and West Pakistan by ensuring more equitable distribution of resources. Expand the manufacturer sector and improve the exports to 8.5%. Fifth Economic plan (1978-1983) Fifth economic plan presented in 1978 which was part of the country’s series of economic development plans. Pak-India war’s and separation of East Pakistan badly effected the economy and overall growth in different sectors. The key points of this plan were: Pakistan spent the billions of dollars to import petroleum products, to minimize it a target was set to produce 33% oil from home land. Become as a self-dependent on agricultural product and daily life groceries. 9-percent increase in industrial productivity. Special focus on the development of Balochistan including construct basic infrastructure for road network, provide the good health facilitation and other daily life necessaries. Unlike the previous government, which focused heavily on state intervention and nationalization, the Fifth Plan under General Zia’s regime sought to revive the private sector. The plan emphasized deregulation, de-nationalization of some industries, and creating a more favorable environment for private investment. To overcome the balance of payment deficit in the context of trade, initiated to improve exports to 7%. 6% boost in agricultural development. Encourage the small and large enterprises to contribute industrial productivity. Conclusion The Five-Year Plans of Pakistan, while ambitious in their goals, faced significant challenges in implementation due to political instability, war’s, shifting economic policies, and external dependencies. The plans reflected the priorities of their respective regimes. SF K
Top Ranking Universities in the World
Times Higher Education’s ranking of the world’s best universities reveals a new emerging trend. According to this report, the number of universities in Asia and the Middle East is increasing. Rankings take into account a variety of factors, including academic reputation, employer reputation, faculty/student ratio, citations per faculty, international faculty ratio, and international student ratio in universities.
Understanding Pollution: Causes, Effects, and Solutions
When we release harmful chemicals or goods into the environment, we harm living things and the natural world. This is called pollution. These pollutants can be chemicals, real things, or even energy forms such as light, noise, or heat. Several things can cause pollution, such as manufacturing processes, transportation, farming methods, and poor trash dumping. It can have local effects on the area around it or world effects on the environment and temperature as a whole. Types of forms of pollution. These are the three most common types of pollution.Water, air, and land are the three major elements.And others are There are various forms of pollution such as litter, noise, plastic, soil, radioactive, thermal, light, and visual. So firstly I want to explain Water pollution So what is water pollution? Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies. Cause of water pollution: Industrial and agricultural effluents contaminate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater, and aquifers, causing water pollution. Effects of Water Pollution: Water is an important element of human health, so polluted water directly affects the human body. Water pollution causes a variety of diseases, such as typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, cancer, and so on. Water pollution damages the plants and aquatic animals present in the river by reducing the oxygen content of the water. Therefore, it is crucial that we, along with the government, take proactive measures and formulate policies to prevent this pollution. Land Pollution Land pollution is defined as the introduction of harmful materials (pollutants) into land or underground. Causes of Land Pollution. The main cause of land pollution is the improper disposal of waste materials, such as plastic, chemicals, and hazardous substances. Effects of Land Pollution. Land pollution is a serious problem that impacts humans, plants, animals, Earth, and water resources. Land pollution can lead to groundwater poisoning, deterioration of agricultural fields, climate change, health problems, and socio-economic impacts on humans. Air Pollution Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. The causes of air pollution Particles in the air may include car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen, and mold spores. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. Smog is another name for the air pollution that ozone creates. Some air pollutants are poisonous. Effects of air pollution. According to the Air Quality Life Index, air pollution in Pakistan shortens average life expectancy by 3.9 years. Lahore, the capital of Punjab province and home to over 13 million people suffers the most from air pollution, which reduces life expectancy by 7 years. Pollution exposures include cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and reproductive, neurological, and immune system disorders. What steps do we need to take to save Pakistan from these types of pollution? Solution. One of the most efficient ways to deal with air pollution in Pakistan is to plant more trees. In addition, concerned authorities must take action to reduce the number of diesel vehicles that emit excessive carbon in the air. The first way to reduce pollution is to practice the 3Rs concept, namely reduce, reuse, and recycle. FAQS How does pollution affect human health? Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. What are the main types of pollution? These are the three most common types of pollution.Water, air, and land are the three major elements. What are the environmental impacts of pollution? Toggle Content What can be done to reduce pollution? One of the most efficient ways to deal with air pollution in Pakistan is to plant more trees. In addition, concerned authorities must take action to reduce the number of diesel vehicles that emit excessive carbon in the air. SF K
Discover Pakistan Economy Crises in 2024
Pakistan has been facing an economic crisis since gaining independence. Partition-related issues, a lack of an industrial environment, the need for basic infrastructure, and the influx of millions of migrants from India have all contributed to these economic problems. In the British era, the British government primarily focused on Indian infrastructure. The current ruler prioritized the installation of technical machinery, textile industries, basic road networks, and other facilities in India, but the British government was unable to offer these same facilities to Pakistan. This was also a major contributing factor to Pakistan’s economic crisis, which in turn led to further economic challenges in the future. Due to a shortage of education and technical skills, Pakistan was unable to effectively address these issues at the time. Despite these difficulties, Pakistan managed to resolve some issues during this period, but they had an impact on the country’s economy. We will use various factors such as GDP per capita or annual, inflation, unemployment, and trade (imports and exports) to thoroughly analyze the economy of Pakistan since its independence. Pakistan’s economy during 1947–1960 The Pakistani government concentrated on agricultural development, the textile industry, and other small-scale industries during this era, but due to limited resources, Pakistan was unable to successfully achieve its set goals. At that time, the GDP stood at 10 billion rupees annually, with a GDP per capita of $86 (172 pkr). The economy of Pakistan during 1960-1970 Known as the “Era of Rapid Growth,” Pakistan made significant strides in the agricultural field, textile industries, and small and large-scale industrial revolutions. This period also saw success in attracting foreign investment, which helped stabilize the country’s economy. Pakistan started to export major crops and embarked on big projects, including the largest earth-filled Tarbela dam. This era saw the establishment of most major dams and industries. This period witnessed an average GDP growth rate of 6.7%. At the end of this decade, the Pakistani economy fluctuated due to some political instability and the Pakistan-India War of 1965. The Indo-Pak War in 1965 had a significant impact on Pakistan’s economy According to economic experts, the war may have ended 59 years ago, but its effects are still felt today. It served as a speed breaker for Pakistan’s economy, which had a 6.7% average GDP. Foreign investment drastically slowed down, affecting large-scale production and Pakistani exports. These factors had a bad impact on the country’s economic progress. The separation of “East Pakistan” in 1971 led to economic crises East Pakistan was the backbone of the Pakistani economy; it contributed to a huge amount of trade and exports. Before the partition, east Pakistan’s textile industries and fishing exports drastically increased. When Pakistan separated into two nations, its economy fluctuated badly, and the current prime minister of that time, “Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,” introduced the policy of “nationalization.” It stabilized the economy of Pakistan after the war, but in the future, Pakistani foreign investment could not be received due to his policies. In short, Pakistan dropped the confidence of foreign investors, and now foreign investors think that before investing in Pakistan, they have concerns at any time over industries and institutions that could be nationalized. Foreign investment creates job opportunities, increases the exports of a country, and makes a huge contribution to the economy of that country. Due to the 1971 war, the Pakistani economy was destabilized, remarkably decreased, and exports were badly affected. Due to this situation, the “GDP“ directly fell from 7–10% growth to 0.47%. Using the data given below at the time, we can analyze Pakistan’s economy. YEAR GDP GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE 1973 $ 6.38 B $ 99 76% 1972 $ 9.42 B $ 151 0.82% 1971 $10.67B $175 0.47% 1970 $10.03B $169 11.35% 1969 $8.68B $151 5.51% The declaration of nuclear power has led to economic sanctions. In 1999, Pakistan’s economy experienced a significant decline following its declaration as a nuclear power. Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in response to India’s nuclear program and to protect national security. Due to regional instability, Pakistan has had to allocate a significant portion of its budget to its nuclear program for the past two decades, and continues to do so today. Due to the Indo-Pak conflict, billions of dollars have been used or have been used in defense. If there were peace, both countries could use money to industrialize the country and grow their economies better. In 1998, after conducting the nuclear tests, the international community, including America, imposed an economic sanction on Pakistan. The United States suspends economic and military support for Pakistan. The IMF and other financial institutions stopped providing loans and other economic support. Pakistan also faced trade restrictions, which created more economic instability. During that period, Pakistan had to face economic crises. The economic crises in Pakistan in the new century are a significant concern. Economic crises were temporarily resolved. After the 9/11 attack, Pakistan received substantial economic and military aid from the USA, and economic sanctions due to the declaration of nuclear weapons were removed after 9/11 attack, After that Pakistan implemented economic reforms that included privatization and financial sector reforms. These policies and reforms led to an economic growth of approximately 6-7% in Pakistan, an increase in direct foreign investment, and a record-breaking peak in the stock market. As a partner in the USA-Afghanistan war, Pakistan initially benefited from American assistance in the form of “USA-AID” and military support. However, due to the Afghan Taliban’s response, Pakistan faced a lengthy series of bomb blasts and suicide attacks. Ongoing terrorism and security challenges also affected economic progress. Economic and security experts estimate that the regular conflict cost Pakistan 160–200 billion US dollars and resulted in 80,000 deaths due to terror. In 2010, Pakistan also faced an energy crisis, a power shortage that reduced industrial production. Due to these problems, many industries shifted to neighboring countries, leading to inflation and economic crises in Pakistan. Corruption significantly impacts the economy of Pakistan; it directly affects foreign investment, public trust in the government,
Solar Energy power system
What we should know before buying solar system? Solar energy is a type of energy which is directly obtain from sun in radiation form and convert it into electric power. Basically, solar system is the integration of many solar panels which works on the principle of “conservation of energy”. Energy can be converted from one form to another form. There are multiple categories of energy which are the fundamental to running machineries. What is solar panel? Solar panel is the composition form of multiples photo Voltic cells which convert light emery/sun radiation energy into (DC) electricity, this process is known as photovoltaic effect.There are three basic types of solar panel, we should know about before buy solar system because it can affect output power production and efficiency.• Monocrystalline• Polycrystalline• Thin film solar panel SOLAR PANEL TYPES EFFICIENCY COLOR ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Monocrystalline panel 19~21% Black High efficiency Low resistance Works in cloudy and rainy conditions Expensive Poly crystalline 14~15% Blue colour Low price Good performance than thin film system Sensitive to high temperature Not pure silicon based Less efficiency than mono panel. Thin film 8~10 Dark blue Flexible Low price Essay to install Low efficiency Short warranty Un-suitable at home installation Which are the types of solar system? There are three types of solar system: • On-grid solar system• Off-grid solar system• hybrid solar system On grid-solar system Off- grid-solar system Hybrid solar system No need of batteries Required batteries to store energy/electricity Composition of on- grid and off- grid system Connected to public electricity Not connected, it just stores by batteries Can store as well transfer to grid. Net meter is used batteries use Net meter +batteries bot is installed in hybrid. Initially low investment price Comparatively high price Expensive On grid-solar system Off- grid-solar system Hybrid solar systemNo need of batteries Required batteries to store energy/electricity Composition of on- grid and off- grid systemConnected to public electricity/ Not connected , it just store by batteries Can store as well transfer to grid. Net meter is used batteries uses Net meter +batteries bot are installed in hybrid .Initially low investment price Comparatively high price Expensive On-Grid solar system It is also called grid tied solar system. On-grid solar system is system which is connected from electricity electric wires or grid connected system. We can install it where already electricity have been supplying from transformer otherwise we cannot uses this system but can use off-grid system instead of it.we are used net meter in on grid system for reading extra units that are supplying to the grid. On grid system convert energy through solar panels and transfer to AC inverter, where current convert from Dc ~ AC because our home appliances such as fan, tv, refrigerator works on AC current, where it further shifted to home and grid station. Extra power that is produced during this process transfer to grid and required shifted to home. For example, a solar system produces 10kwh electricity and our home requirement is just 5kwh then remain extra 5kwh electricity send to electricity where it will make huge reduction in our electricity bill and our electricity bill may be in credit or negative from electricity. Off-grid solar system. In this system we are not connected to grid while we are used batteries to store excessive power produced by solar system. Off- grid solar system particularly used in those areas where access of grid is not available or reliable, where the long hour’s electricity shut off. The components used in this system are: Solar panels, inverter, batteries, wiring and mounting system with monitoring device. Hybrid solar system. A hybrid solar system is the combination of solar panels with another source of electricity generation or storage to improve reliability and efficiency. Each type of hybrid solar system has its advantages and is chosen based on factors such as location, energy requirements, reliability needs, and cost considerations. The goal of these systems is typically to maximize energy efficiency, reliability, and sustainability while reducing dependence on traditional fossil fuels. What is 5kwh solar system? 5Kwh is a suitable system for homes, it is capable of producing more than 20~22 kwh of electricity within 24 hours. We can run these appliances: • 2 Inverter Ac • 5 led lights• 6 led lights• 1 refrigerator But all appliances simultaneously running may not feasible. Overall solar energy system (SES) is the clean, green and renewable energy system. Initially it is expensive but in long-term it has huge advantages. SES overcome the dependency on grid and provides hug cut-off from electricity bills. In this era many advanced solar systems are available in market than can generate electricity in cloudy and night conditions so we should buy a research based solar system because we know CHOOSE WISELY LIVE WELL FAQS Toggle #1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Toggle #2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Toggle Title Toggle Content Toggle Title Toggle Content SF K
